42 flame retardant formulas of PBS
The flammability of polybutylene succinate (PBS) limits its application, so it is necessary to modify it to be flame retardant. This article involves a variety of flame retardants and formulas, which are listed below according to the type of flame retardant: LOI: Limiting oxygen index.
Materials with a large limiting oxygen index are difficult to burn. It is generally believed that materials with a limiting oxygen index of more than 27% are difficult to burn, and those with a limit oxygen index of less than 20% are flammable. UL94: Plastic flame retardant standard UL94 is a widely used material flammability standard. The flame retardant performance is divided into three levels from high to low: V-0, V-1 and V-2. 1. Phosphorus and nitrogen flame retardant
▶ APP (ammonium polyphosphate) flame retardant PBS
formula 1: PBS + 15% APP (untreated), UL94 is V-2 level.
Formula 2: APP treated with PBS + 15% TEOS (tetraethoxysilane), LOI value reaches 28%, UL94 V-0 level (1.6mm).
Formula 3: PBS + 25% IFR (APP (ammonium polyphosphate) / MA (melamine) = 5/1), LOI is 37.5%, UL94 reaches V-0 level.
Formula 4: PBS + 25% MHSH (compounded magnesium sulfate whisker), LOI is only 28%, UL94 is V-2 level.
Formula 5: PBS + 23% IFR (APP/MA = 5/1) + 2% MHSH, LOI is as high as 39.8%, UL94 reaches V-0 level.
Formula 6: PBS + 25% IFR (APP/MA = 5/1), LOI reaches 31.7%, UL94 is V-2 level.
Formula 7: PBS + 20% IFR (APP/MA = 5/1) + 5% K-HAPAC, LOI is increased to 36.6%, UL94 reaches V-0 level.
Formula 8: PBS+20%IFR (APP/MA=5/1)+5%K-U, LOI reaches 40.3%, UL94 reaches V-0 level.
▶APP/nano flame retardant compound system
formula 9: PBS+1%BN@APP (multifunctional nanofiller), thermal conductivity increased by 62.8%, peak heat release rate, total heat release and total smoke generation decreased by 28.2%, 23.5% and 44.8% respectively.
Formula 10: PBS+20%CAPP1 (APP wrapped in carbon nanotubes), LOI value increased to 29.5%, UL94 vertical burning test passed V-0 level, peak heat release rate decreased by 48%, CO and CO₂ release decreased by 68.3% and 72.6% respectively.
Formula 11: PBS+20%IFR (CNT@APP/PER (pentaerythritol)), which can make PBS composite materials pass UL94 vertical burning test V-0 level, and peak heat release rate and total heat release decreased by 73% and 79% respectively.
Formula 12: PBS + 30% IFR (APP/MA/PER = 4/1/1), LOI value reaches 42.1%, UL94 vertical burning test passes V-0 level.
Formula 13: PBS + 28.5% IFR (APP/MA/PER = 4/1/1) + 1.5HNTs, LOI value reaches 58.2%, UL94 vertical burning test maintains at V-0 level, peak heat release rate decreases by 81.4%, and residual carbon increases to 32%.
▶APP/bioflame retardant compound system
formula 14: PBS + 30% APP, peak heat release rate and total heat release decrease by 19% and 25% respectively, and residual carbon is 23%.
Formula 15: PBS + 30% APP/PIC (3/1), peak heat release rate and total heat release decrease by 24% and 48% respectively, and residual carbon increases to 44%.
Formula 16: PBS + 20% BIFR (APP/SP mass ratio is 2/1), only reached V-1 level (3mm) in the UL94 vertical burning test, but LOI increased to 30.2%, and the peak heat release rate and total heat release decreased by 42% and 16% respectively.
Formula 17: PBS + 15% WHF (water hyacinth fiber) + 30% APP, LOI increased to 26.5%.
Formula 18: PBS + 15% WHF + 30% APP + 10% PBS-g-GMA (glycidyl methacrylate), LOI increased to 29.1%, UL94 reached V-0 level.
Formula 19: PBS + 30% flame retardant (Cas (cassava residue) / IFR = 1/5, APP/MA = 5/1 in IFR), tensile strength and impact strength increased by 40% and 62% respectively, LOI reached 37.3%, UL94 reached V-0 level.
Formula 20: PBS + 24% IFR (APP/MA = 5/1) + 1% LC, LOI value is 36.2%, passed UL94 vertical burning test V-0 level, and the residual carbon content increased by 35.7%.
Formula 21: 75PBS + 19IFR (APP/MA = 15.8/3.2) + 6EL (esterified lignin), the tensile strength increased by 16%, the residual carbon content at 700°C increased by 37.4%, the LOI value reached 31.3%, and the UL94 vertical burning test passed V-0 level. The peak heat release rate decreased by 54.9% compared with pure PBS.
▶APP/nano flame retardant/bioflame retardant synergistic system
formula 22: PBS + 1% HNTs (halloysite nanotubes) + 20% BIFR (APP/SP (soy protein)), LOI value is as high as 34.8%, and it also reaches UL94 V-0 level.
Formula 23: 75PBS+22IFR (APP/MA=5/1)+3LM, the tensile strength is 24.73% higher than that of the 75PBS/25IFR composite material, the LOI value reaches 36.5%, and it passes the UL94 vertical burning test V-0 level without droplets. ▶Other phosphorus and nitrogen flame retardants Flame retardant PBS
formula 24: PBS+20%PAPP, UL94 vertical burning test (3mm) is V-2 level.
Formula 25: PBS+15%PAPP (piperazine pyrophosphate) +2%ZnB (zinc borate), the test level is V-0 level, and the peak heat release rate is 55% lower than that of PBS/PAPP20% composite material.
Formula 26: PBS+10%EDAP (ethylenediamine phosphate), the peak heat release rate of the material is reduced by 16%.
Formula 27: PBS+8%EDAP+2%ZnB, the peak heat release rate is reduced by 57%.
Formula 28: PBS + 10% EDAP / MPAlP (melamine polyphosphate aluminum) (7/3), the peak heat release rate and total heat release of the composite material were reduced by 30% and 11% respectively.
Formula 29: PBS + 10% EDAP / MPAlP (7/3, 8%) + 2% ZnB, the peak heat release rate and total heat release of the composite material were reduced by 63% and 13% respectively.
Formula 30: PBS + 25% AlPi, LOI value reached 29.5%, UL94 vertical combustion test passed V-0 level, and the peak heat release rate was reduced by 49.3%.
Formula 31: PBS + 25% APTMP, LOI value reached 28.4%, vertical combustion test passed UL94 V-0 level, and the peak heat release rate was reduced by 56%. 2. Bio-based flame retardant flame retardant PBS
formula 32: PBS + 30% PA-GU (intumescent flame retardant phytic acid-guanosine), the peak heat release rate was reduced by 74.7%, and the total heat release was reduced by 64.1%.
Formula 33: PBS + 30% CP-lignin, the peak heat release rate decreased from 1413kW/m² to 1028kW/m², and the total heat release decreased from 132MJ/m² to 91MJ/m².
Formula 34: PBS + 30% ER (Eucommia ulmoides residue), the peak heat release rate decreased from 592kW/m² to 336kW/m², the residual carbon increased by 508%, and the tensile modulus and bending modulus increased by 87% and 72% respectively.
Formula 35: PBS + 25% silicon carbide particles attached to the surface of coffee shells treated with phytic acid to prepare the flame retardant. The thermal conductivity of the composite material increased by 250%, and passed the UL94V-0 grade. The tensile strength and elastic modulus increased by 40% and 70% respectively.
3. Flame-retardant PBS with nano-flame retardant
Formula 36: PBS + 10% CB (nano carbon black), the LOI value increased to 28.5%, and the peak heat release rate decreased by 62%.
Formula 37: PBS+6%EG (micron-sized expandable graphite) +3%Clay (nanoclay), the peak heat release rate decreased by 40.8%, and the storage modulus, loss modulus and viscosity increased significantly.
Formula 38: PBS+5%CNC@P-GO-2, the peak heat release rate and total heat release decreased by 71% and 66% respectively, and the residual carbon content reached 17%.
4. Other types of flame retardants Flame retardant PBS formula 39: PBS+20%Mg(OH)₂, LOI value is 26.2%, UL94 vertical burning test is levelless.
Formula 40: PBS+20%Mg(OH)₂+5%EG, LOI value increased to 29.4%, UL94 vertical burning test reached V-0 level, and the peak heat release rate decreased by 73%.
Formula 41: PBS+20%PPBS1, LOI value reached 39.2%.
Formula 42: PBS+20%PPBS2, LOI value reached 39.6%...
